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Architecture réseau informatique

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Un réseau (network) est un ensemble d’équipements électroniques (ordinateurs, imprimantes, scanners, modems, routeurs, commutateurs…) interconnectés et capables de communiquer (émettre et recevoir des messages) par l’intermédiaire d’un support de communication.
Un réseau informatique permet donc l’échange d’informations (messageries, transfert de fichiers,
interrogation de bases de données…) et l’accès aux ressources (ou mise en commun, partage) de certains ordinateurs du réseau (matériel tel qu’imprimante ou modem, puissance de calcul, logiciels).
Un réseau permet donc une économie de coût, un gain de productivité, une utilisation rationnelle des bases de données (consultations, modifications de chaque utilisateur autorisé sur la même base) et une meilleure stratégie dans le domaine de la sécurité (centralisation et sauvegarde éventuellement automatisée des données).
Par contre, un réseau a pour inconvénient sa complexité (d’où le recours à un personnel spécialisé en cas de problème) et les conséquences d’une panne sur l’ensemble du réseau.

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